I thought about the American Educational School system because I was concerned about how it has changed. I have personally said that the AE system was founded on the Bible. I also believe that the United States of America was likewise founded on Christian principles of the Bible. However, I have found that there are those who do not believe that America was founded on Christian principles because the forming fathers were not Christians but Deist. Of course, I set out on a serious search to find out the sentiment of the times leading up to the Puritans leaving England to settle in the New Colonies, and this is what I found… Christianity was in the world, and so were competing philosophies such as Renaissance, the Age of Reason/Rationalism, Hermeticism, Humanism, Neo-Platonism, Secularism, Enlightenment, and Deism.
“The sixteenth century in Europe was a time of unprecedented change. It was the beginning of the modern era, and it saw a revolution in almost every aspect of life. The century opened with the discovery of a new continent. The renaissance in Italy was peaking and spreading north, even arriving in backwaters like England. The printing press created a media revolution. It brought ideas, partisan rhetoric, and how-to manuals to the people. Most of all, it brought the Bible, in its original tongues and in the vernacular, to the masses. A spirit of inquiry, a desire to return to first principles, was blowing through the Church, which had been the unifying cultural foundation of Europe for a millennium,” and this lead to wars…http://www.lepg.org/sixteen.htm
“The conflicts of Europe in the early 16th century (Spain and France in the west, Christians and Muslims in the east) are further complicated by a most violent dispute within the Christian community itself. Reformation blazed for a century and a half across the whole of Western Europe. From Martyrdom of Protestants in one place and Catholics in another, through sudden massacres (as of St. Bartholomew’s Day in France) to prolonged warfare (the Thirty Years’ War), the prevailing mood of the continent becomes one of religious intolerance and frenzy, often usefully put to the service of politics. Not till the late 17th century does national interest transcend religious fervor.” http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=geo
“The first half of the 16th century saw what contemporaries viewed as the most earth-shattering change in the century: the Reformation. To contemporaries, the reordering of religion and the sundering of the social unity that it had once provided to European culture was the most significant development of the sixteenth century. It is impossible to understand the time without taking a look at this. Religion was not a matter of personal preference or opinion; it was the very basis of society. The cultural consensus of Europe based on universal participation in the Body of Christ was broken, never to be restored.” My understanding is that Reformation brought an end to the dream of One Holy Roman Empire ruling one universal church for all to follow. The fight was between the Protestants and Catholicism. http://www.lepg.org/sixteen.htm
The Puritans
“The Puritans were a group of people who grew discontent in the Church of England and worked towards religious, moral and societal reforms. The writings and ideas of John Calvin, a leader in the Reformation, gave rise to Protestantism and were pivotal to the Christian revolt. They contended that the Church of England had become a product of political struggles and man-made doctrines. The Puritans were one branch of dissenters who decided that the Church of England was beyond reform. Escaping persecution from church leadership and the King, they came to America.”
“The Puritans believed that the Bible was God’s true law, and that it provided a plan for living. The established church of the day described access to God as monastic and possible only within the confines of “church authority”. Puritans stripped away the traditional trappings and formalities of Christianity which had been slowly building throughout the previous 1500 years. Theirs was an attempt to “purify” the church and their lives.”
“The large number of people who ascribed to the lifestyle of the Puritans did much to establish a presence on American soil. Bound together, they established a community that maintained a healthy economy, established a school system, and focused an efficient eye on political concerns. The moral character of England and America were shaped in part by the words and actions of this strong group of Christian believers called the Puritans.” http://www.nd.edu/~rbarger/www7/puritans.html (Kay Kizer)
The Puritans Left England
England was marked by transition from Puritan influences on thinking, to the thinking of the intellectual and scientific revolutionary philosophies, which of course lead to unrestrained behavior. The Puritans fought against the immorality of the theater and immorality in general. They got laws passed to restrict dancing, singing, and the theater. Sundays were for worship, all other activities were banned. This time for the puritans was marked by the suppression of immorality. The Puritans found their thinking and religious practices unwelcomed so they picked up, kissed persecution good-bye, and moved to the New Colonies.
The Puritans that came to New England believed in:
- Supreme Sovereignty of God
- Totally sinful nature of man
- Father is the ruler of the household
- Premarital chastity for M/F (but that didn’t work too well)
- Sexual pleasure even in marriage is restricted
- Sexual Intercourse was for reproduction only
Many of the British North American colonies that eventually formed the United States of America were settled in the seventeenth century by men and women, who, in the face of European religious persecution, refused to compromise passionately-held religious convictions and fled Europe. The Middle Atlantic colonies of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, were conceived and established “as plantations of religion.” Some settlers who arrived in these areas came for secular motives—”to catch fish” as one New Englander put it—but the great majority left Europe to worship in the way they believed to be correct. They supported the efforts of their leaders to create “a City upon a Hill” or a “holy experiment,” whose success would prove that God’s plan for churches could be successfully realized in the American wilderness.
Many religious groups (such as the Quakers and Puritans) formed the first 13 colonies on the basis of their religious beliefs. Although the plan was to escape persecution, there was actually some amount of persecution happening in the colonies. One example of this persecution would be with the Puritans. The Puritans wanted everyone to worship in the Puritan way. In order to ensure that Puritanism dominated the colonies, nonconformists were fined, banished, whipped, and even imprisoned for not conforming to the way of the Puritans. Eventually this persecution was ended and other religions began to appear.
With the arrival of the Quakers in Pennsylvania in 1656, the path was officially paved for other religions to migrate to the colonies. The Anglicans were already established in most of the colonies and were even part of the group of people that were “persecuted” by the Puritans. However, after the dispersion of the Puritans, the number of other religions in the colonies began to increase. Baptists appeared in a majority of the colonies, Roman Catholics and Protestants organized in Maryland and even some German religions surfaced in a few of the colonies. The Lutherans came later and joined in the German communities in Pennsylvania, and the Presbyterians, even had an appearance in the Massachusetts Proposals of 1705. http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/allam/16071783/religion.htm
I think it is clear that the early settlers in the New Colonies were interested foremost in religious freedom; they wanted to worship God on the basis of their beliefs. Their efforts to create “plantations of religion”, as a “holy experiment,” and Christian nation were supported by their followers. The Puritans wanted all settlers to believe like Puritans, and began to persecute other believers. They were eventually dispersed, at which time, other Christians like Lutherans and Baptists and others mentioned above, moved into and formed their own Christian colonies. The settlers even evangelized the Indians, most of whom worshiped/respected an all powerful, all-knowing Creator, “Master Spirit.” Most tribes believed in the immortality of the human soul and an afterlife, which is pretty progressive I think. So it was in an atmosphere of Christianity that the colonies were formed, even though their practice was not always sound. A Bible-based Christian way of life flourished in the New Colonies, and in the educational system. http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/eighteen/ekeyinfo/natrel.htm
I. Education in Colonial America.
The Massachusetts School Laws were three legislative acts of 1642, 1647 and 1648 enacted in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The most famous by far is the law of 1647, also known as the Old Deluder Satan Law (after the law’s first sentence) and The General School Law of 1647. They are commonly regarded as the historical first step toward compulsory government-directed public education in the United States of America. Shortly after the three laws passed, similar laws were enacted in the other New England colonies. Most mid-Atlantic colonies followed suit, though in some Southern colonies it was a further century before publicly funded schools were established there. The law was one of a series of legislative acts directed at public education in the colony. The first Massachusetts School Law of 1642 broke with English tradition by transferring educational supervision from the clergy to the selectmen of the colony, empowering them to assess the education of children “to read and understand the principles of religion and the capital laws of this country.” It held parents and masters responsible for their children’s and apprentices’ ability to read and write, stressing education rather than schooling. However, its implementation appears to have been somewhat neglected. Probably in response to this, the 1647 law was enacted by the Massachusetts General Court to impel the towns of the colony to found, operate and fund schools.
The 1647 legislation specifically framed ignorance as a Satanic ill to be circumvented through the education of the country’s young people. It required every town having more than 50 families to hire a teacher, and every town of more than 100 families to establish a “grammar school”. Failure to comply with the mandate would result in a fine of £5. The grammar school clause was intended to prepare students to attend Harvard College, whose mission was to prepare young men for the ministry. The rationale for the law reflected the Calvinist Puritan ethos of the time and in particular the influence of the Reverend John Cotton, who was a teacher in the First Church of Boston and one of the Massachusetts Bay Colony’s most influential leaders. The Puritans sought to create a literate population to ensure that, as the law put it, “ye old deluder, Satan” could not use illiteracy to “keep men from the knowledge of ye Scriptures.” Their religious beliefs emphasized the view that personal knowledge of the Scriptures was an essential requirement for temporal living and eternal salvation. The statute also endorsed the principle that the interpretation of the Scriptures should be done under the aegis of proper authority, namely the Puritan leaders, in order to avoid “false glosses of saint seeming deceivers.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_School_Laws
Puritans founded Harvard College in 1636 and Yale College in 1701. Later, Baptists founded Rhode Island College (now Brown University) in 1764 and Congregationalists established Dartmouth College in 1769. Virginia founded schools the College of William and Mary in 1693. The colleges appealed primarily to aspiring ministers, lawyers or doctors. There were no separate seminaries, law schools or divinity schools.
Georgia was established on strict moralistic principles. Slavery was forbidden, as was alcohol and other forms of supposed immorality. The California Missions comprised a series of 21 outposts established to spread Christianity among the local Native Americans. Virginia, Maryland, Rhode Island, and Pennsylvania also wanted the freedom to serve God. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States
NEXT TIME: What Happened to the American Educational System?
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